My favorite reference book of late is Chris
Rohmann's,
A World Of Ideas: A Dictionary of Important Theories, Concepts, Beliefs, and Thinkers. I read from it almost every day. What follows are some reading notes from the entry on epistemology.
KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge: True, justified belief.
For PLATO, knowledge is simply the opposite of opinion.
for MARX, it is a construct of economic relations.
for WITTGENSTEIN, it is practical knowhow within a specific social context.
How does the mind obtain knowledge?
1. Knowledge is an inherent part of our existence in the world(Plato, Hegel).
2. Our faculties of intelligence and reason enable us to draw out the truths the world contains (Aristotle, Descartes, Bertrand Russell, et al.).
3. We create what we think of as knowledge out of our experience, which is so thoroughly dependent on our psychological historical, or social condition that it cannot be considered objective knowledge at all (Nietzsche, Marx and the phenomenologists).
4. Knowledge is a product of the way neurons acquire and store information (information theory).
(Chris Rohmann, A World Of Ideas, 118)